![]() ![]() However, this viewpoint remains controversial within the literature of diagrammatic reasoning. These studies suggest that external diagrammatic representations can be distinguished by the criteria of visual details they contained. Their results suggest that irrelevant visual detail can impede inferential processes, producing the so-called visual impedance effect (see also Castañeda & Knauff, 2013 Knauff & May, 2006). Response times to inference tasks involving visual relations were longer than those to visuospatial relations. ![]() Their experiments used descriptions that readily invoked visual representations but not spatial representations, for example, cleaner-dirtier (visual relations), and those that readily invoked visual and spatial representations, for example, above–below (visuospatial relations). Knauff and Johnson-Laird ( 2002) studied how the geometrical richness of languages affected relational inferences. However, some psychological research that has focused on internal or self-constructed representations, rather than external representations, has shown negative effects of visual representations in human reasoning. ![]() Many scholars have tried to show that diagrammatic representations are more effective in reasoning and problem-solving than sentential representations (cf. There is a famous proverb: “A picture is worth a 10,000 words.” This seems to foretell the purpose of research on diagrammatic reasoning.
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